Direct projection light field display

ABSTRACT

A direct projection light field display comprising an array of projectors for direct projection of a light field. The overall design and incorporation of additional optics achieve the optimal light distribution and small pixel size to produce a high definition, 3D display. The architecture of the direct projection light field display has low a brightness requirement for each projector, resulting in an increased projector density, decreased system, and a decreased power requirement, while producing a high-definition light field.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No.62/738,307, filed on Sep. 28, 2018, the contents of which areincorporated here by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Three dimensional displays allow the viewer to gain a broaderperspective on the image they are viewing. Some three-dimensionaldisplays use polarized light and require the viewer to wear specializedglasses. Others use direct projection and produce an image that providessome parallax in a single dimension.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure relates to an array of projectors for directprojection of a light field with a fixed set of elemental images. Thedirect projection method yields many benefits in the overall design,including decreased system depth, a direct pixel to number of viewsrelationship, and a decreased brightness requirement per projector.

According to an aspect there is a light field display including:

-   -   i. a projector array including a plurality of light projectors,        wherein each projector is configured to generate light rays;    -   ii. a plurality of lens systems configured to cause the light        rays generated by the projector array to create a light field,        wherein the plurality of lens systems includes:        -   a. a first lens system including an array of lenslets, the            first lens system being positioned to receive the light rays            from the projector array; and        -   b. A second lens system including microarray lenslets, the            second lens system being positioned to receive a diffused,            collimated beam from the first lens system, wherein light            output from the microarray lenslets forms the light field.

Embodiments can include one or more of the following features.

In an embodiment of the light field display, each lenslet of the firstlens system is positioned to receive light from a corresponding one ofprojectors in the projector array.

In an embodiment of the light field display, the first lens systemincludes a first lens subsystem and a second lens subsystem, wherein thesecond lens subsystem is positioned between the first lens subsystem andthe second lens system, the second lens subsystem being positioned toreceive light from the first lens subsystem and the second lens systembeing positioned to receive the diffused, collimated beam from thesecond lens subsystem.

In an embodiment of the light field display, the second lens subsystemincludes a diffusing array.

In an embodiment of the light field display, the diffusing array ispositioned to receive a collimated beam from one or more of the lensletsof the first lens subsystem

In an embodiment of the light field display, the first lens systemincludes an array of collimating lenslets.

In an embodiment of the light field display, the diffused, collimatedbeam received by the second lens system is diffused according to a pointspread function.

In an embodiment of the light field display, the point spread functionis described by a Gaussian function with a Full-Width at Half Maximum(FWHM) characterized by one or more parameters of the light fielddisplay.

In an embodiment of the light field display, the one or more parametersof the light field display comprise one or more of:

-   -   i. a hogel pitch;    -   ii. a pixel pitch; and    -   iii. a focal length of the second lens system.

In an embodiment of the light field display, the projector arrayincludes an adjustment element for adjustment of a direction of eachprojector.

In an embodiment of the light field display, including a housing,wherein the projector array and plurality of lens systems are arrangedin the housing.

According to an aspect there is a method for creating a light fieldincluding:

-   -   i. generating light rays by each of multiple projectors of a        projector array;    -   ii. rendering the light rays generated by the projector array        into a light field image, including:        -   a. by a first lens system including an array of lenslets,            collimating the light rays generated by the projector array            to form a collimated beam;        -   b. by a second lens system including microarray lenslets,            rendering the diffused, collimated beam into a light field.

Embodiments can include one or more of the following features.

In an embodiment of the method, light emitted from a corresponding onelenslets of the first array of microarray lenslets is received at adiffusing array.

In an embodiment of the method, diffused light emitted from the diffuserarray is characterized by a point spread function.

In an embodiment of the method, the point spread function is describedby a Gaussian function with a Full-Width at Half Maximum (FWHM)characterized by one or more parameters of a light field display.

In an embodiment of the method, the direction of each of one or more ofthe projectors of the projector array is adjusted.

The approaches described here can have one or more of the followingadvantages. The light field display can be an autostereoscopic displaythat can have a wide field-of-view and high angular resolution. Thelight field display can allow for both horizontal and vertical parallax.The light field display can have relatively low power consumption. Thereduced pixel size produces a light field display meant to replicate anatural, “real life” image with high resolution.

The details of one or more implementations are set forth in theaccompanying drawings and the description below. Other features andadvantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and fromthe claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an exploded diagram of a light field display.

FIG. 2 is an exploded diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a lightfield display.

FIG. 3A is a front diagram of a collimating lens array.

FIG. 3B is a diagram of a magnified view of a 2×4 grid of a collimatinglens array in FIG. 3A.

FIG. 3C is diagram of a profile view of a collimating lens array FIG.3A.

FIG. 3D is diagram of an isometric view of a single lens in acollimating lens array FIG. 3A.

FIG. 4A is a front diagram of an engineered diffuser.

FIG. 4B is a magnified diagram of a laser etched engineered diffuser.

FIG. 4C is a magnified diagram of a diffuser lens array.

FIG. 4D is diagram of an isometric view of the engineered diffuser inFIG. 4A.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of a point spread function for a pixel in anengineered diffuser array.

FIG. 6A is a diagram of a display lens array.

FIG. 6B is a diagram of a magnified view of a metasurface display lens.

FIG. 6C is a diagram of a magnified view of a metasurface display lens.

FIG. 7A is a front diagram of the horizontal lenticular portions of adisplay lens array.

FIG. 7B is a diagram of a magnified view of the horizontal lenticularportions of a display lens array in FIG. 7A.

FIG. 7C is a diagram of a profile view of the horizontal lenticularportions of a display lens array shown in FIG. 7A.

FIG. 7D is a diagram of a magnified view of the profile view of thehorizontal lenticular portions of a display lens array in FIG. 7A.

FIG. 7E is a front diagram of the vertical lenticular portions of adisplay lens array.

FIG. 7F is a diagram of a magnified view of the vertical lenticularportions of a display lens array in FIG. 7A.

FIG. 7G is a diagram of a profile view of the vertical lenticularportions of a display lens array shown in FIG. 7A.

FIG. 7H is a diagram of a magnified view of the profile view of thevertical lenticular portions of a display lens array in FIG. 7A.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the ray path of a pixel from a singleprojector through a direct projection light field display.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

We describe here a multiple-view, autostereoscopic, and high-angularresolution, light field display. The light field display is viewablewith both horizontal and vertical parallax.

The concept of an observer-based function based on light in space andtime, or plenoptic function was developed to describe visual stimulationperceived by vision systems. The basic variables of the plenopticfunction are dependent upon include the 3D coordinates (x,y,z) fromwhich light is being viewed and the direction light approaches thisviewing location, described by the angles (θ, ϕ). With wavelength of thelight, λ and time of the observation, t, this results in the plenopticfunction:P(x,y,z,θ,ϕ,λ,t)

Alternative to the plenoptic function, one may use radiance along lightrays in 3D space at a point and given direction may be represented by alight field. The definition of light field may be equivalent to that ofthe plenoptic function. A light field may be described as radianceflowing through all points in all possible directions, as a 5D function.For a static light field, the light field may be represented as a scalarfunction:L(x,y,z,θ,ϕ)

Where (x,y,z) represent the radiance as a function of location and thelight direction of travel is characterized by (θ, ϕ). A viewer of a 3Dreal world object is subject to infinite views, or a continuouslydistributed light field. To practically replicate this, the presentdisclosure describes a direct projection light field display tosubsample the continuously distributed light field into a finite numberof views, or multiple views, to approximate the light field. The outputof the direct projection light field display is a light field, a 3Drepresentation of a continuously distributed light field based upon afinite number of views with angular resolution exceeding that of thehuman eye.

Projector array-based displays can be difficult to design, e.g., due tothe inclusion of many densely-oriented projectors with precisealignment. Referring to FIG. 1, a light field display includes anenclosure 10 that houses a projector array 12 and two lens arrays, firstlens system 22, and second lens system 18. The projector array 12includes multiple projectors, each of which produces light. Theprojectors in the projector array may be pico-projectors, specializedfor augmented reality headsets or automotive heads-up displays (HUDs).The projectors receive image data and convert the image data intoprojected light. Projected light is then transmitted from the projectorsto a first lens system 22 or array. The light is then transferred fromthe first lens system 22 to a second lens system 18 which forms a lightfield image. All optomechanical components fit within the lens enclosure14.

Generally, very high-brightness projectors are required for light fielddisplays known in the art. An advantage of the light field displays ofthe present disclosure is the reduced brightness requirement for theprojectors in the projector array 12. The decreased brightnessrequirement is achieved through the design of the direct projectiondisplay's lens systems' ability to control the angular distribution oflight and application of a point spread function to the light beam. Thedecreased brightness requirement for the projector array 12 may allowfor small LEDs without an internal cooling requirement, therefore asmaller projector footprint may lead to a tighter packing density of theprojector array 12, decreased size and weight of the individualprojectors, and decreased power requirements for the direct projectionlight field display.

The first lens subsystem 16, which can be a collimating array, reducesthe divergence of light emitted from the projector array 12. The firstlens subsystem 16 is positioned a throw-distance from the projectorarray 12. In one instance, the throw distance is such that each pixel ofthe projector image increases in size proportional to the adjacentpixel, and results in no overlap in the pixels. The projector is placedsuch that the distance between the projector and the first lenssubsystem 16 creates a projected image equal in size to a single lensletin the first lens subsystem 16. The divergent pattern from the projectorarray 12 is approximately the same size as a single projector, allowinga 1:1 ratio between collimating array lenslets of the first lenssubsystem 16 and projectors 12.

FIG. 2 illustrates a light field display. A collimated light beamleaving the first lens system 22, which includes a first lens subsystem16 and a second lens subsystem 20, the second lens subsystem 20 can bean engineered diffuser array. The second lens subsystem 20 is positionedbetween the first lens subsystem 16 and the second lens system 18, thesecond lens subsystem 20 and receives light from the first lenssubsystem 16. The first and second lens subsystems 16, 20 can be asingle integrated piece, or separate. The second lens system 18 can bepositioned to receive a diffused, collimated beam from the second lenssubsystem 20. Therefore, light from the first lens subsystem 16 orcollimating array travels to the second lens subsystem 20 or diffusingarray which in one example is an engineered diffuser array. The outputof the projector 12 is collimated to preserve the projected size of theimage.

At the second lens subsystem 20, the divergence of each pixel isincreased by a factor of:√{square root over (C²·f_(m) ²)}

where C is a constant that is chosen for proper reconstruction of thesampled wavefront and f_(m) is a fill factor. In one example, the valueof C is approximately 2. In such instances the fill factor, f_(m), isapproximately 0.9, such that the spot size, x_(s), is related to thepixel spacing, x_(p), asx _(s) =x _(p)·√{square root over (C ² ·f _(m) ²)}

where xp is the lens pitch divided by the number of angular samples.Therefore, the second lens subsystem 20 or diffusing array imparts apoint spread function on each pixel in the image. FIG. 5 illustrates aplan view image of said point spread function.

The pixels with the point spread function from the second lens subsystem20 or diffusing array are then incident on the back surface of thesecond lens system 18, which constitutes the display lens. The distancebetween the second lens system 18 and second lens subsystem 20 willallow for fine tuning of the output width of the pixels per image andmay be minimized to reduce system space.

As the light is incident on and passes through the second lens subsystem20 or engineered diffuser array, the light is dispersed according to apoint spread function, approximated as a Gaussian function. A secondlens subsystem 20 may include an angular diffuser or engineereddiffusing array which is used to achieve a desired angle and preventbleed from the projection of light from neighboring projectors 12. Inone instance of the present disclosure, a specific point spread functionis applied to the light from each individual projector pixel, directingthe pixel to a specific angle. One projector and its pixels can create asmall image.

For example, it may be observed that each projector creates an image of26 mm×15 mm at a distance defined by the throw ratio of the projector.This image may then be projected to a first lens subsystem 16 orcollimation lens, resulting in a packet image that is that exact size(26 mm×15 mm) projected toward a second lens subsystem 20 consisting ofa diffuser screen or engineering diffuser array. The second lenssubsystem 20 can then create a small, defined point spread function.Using the desired point spread function, proper overlap between pixelsis achieved to reduce resolution bias error, or the picket fence effectand distribute the light for a better viewing experience. Resolutionbias error references missing information between samples in a spectrum.The reduction of the resolution bias error allows for smooth viewingzone transitions. The second lens subsystem 20 in this instance isdesigned to a very specific angular output such that if, for example,the engineered divergence has a 5-degree circular FWHM (Full Width HalfMaximum), the beam through the lens system will also have an intensityprofile of 5 degrees. This output is the light directed to the displaylens in the second lens system 18 and which can be a metasurface,gradient index lens material, or any alternate optical structure todistribute light from each pixel according to a plenoptic samplingfunction as described above.

Each projector 12 may be aligned such that light exiting the first lenssystem 22 strikes normal to the second lens system 18. As such, eachprojector 12 may be equipped with alignment hardware and fine control.Depending on the tolerances necessary, there are several approaches toprojector 12 alignment:

-   -   Adjustment element, i.e., mechanical mounts, with screw        adjusters to provide one-time rough alignment.    -   Piezoelectric Transducers for nano to micro scale electronic        adjustment. Potentially useful for active calibration schemes        utilizing feedback.

Adjustment elements may include kinematic mounts and/or digitallycontrolled adjustment elements such as the above-mentioned piezoelectrictransducers.

The maximum amount of adjustment is dictated by the dimensions of thelenslets illuminated by each projector 12.

FIG. 3A shows an example of a first lens subsystem 16 or collimatinglens array. In some examples, the first lens subsystem 16 collimatinglens array may be generally rectangular, with a plurality of collimatinglenslets 24, as shown in FIG. 3D. The first lens subsystem 16 may beconstructed using a substrate 28 adhered to a plurality of small lensesto form a single piece fixed to the substrate using an optically clearadhesive with a specific refractive index or an optically clear tape, toform the first lens subsystem 16 as an array of collimating lenslets.The substrate may be cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), glass, cyclic olefinpolymer (COP), PMMA, polycarbonate, polystyrene, isoplast, zeonex,optical polyester, acrylic, polyetherimide (PEI), among other things.

Each collimating lenslet 24 may be positioned to align with acorresponding projector in the projector array such that eachcollimating lenslet 24 receives light from its corresponding projector.The first lens subsystem 16 collimating lens array may be coated on oneor both sides with an anti-reflective coating.

FIG. 3D depicts a single collimating lenslet 24 in the first lens systemcollimating array. In the example of FIG. 3B, the collimating lenslet 24includes two plano-convex lenses and a substrate 28. The convex lensesmay be formed of, e.g., Zeonex® E48R, glass, cyclic olefin polymer(COP), PMMA, polystyrene, isoplast, optical polyester, acrylic,polyetherimide (PEI), or other suitable materials. The two plano-convexlenses and substrate 28 can be arranged to form a single bi-asphericalconvex lens, which can act as a collimating lenslet 24.

FIG. 4A illustrates a second lens subsystem 20 or engineered diffuserarray. In some examples, the second lens subsystem 20 is a laser etchedengineered diffuser 56 as shown in FIG. 4B. In some examples, the secondlens subsystem 20 is a diffuser lens array 58 as shown in FIG. 4C. Inone implementation of the present disclosure, the second lens subsystem20 has a circular angle of 3.5 degrees and does not require coating.FIG. 4D illustrates the isometric projection of the second lenssubsystem 20 as shown in FIG. 4A.

FIG. 5 depicts a nominal point spread function according to anembodiment of the disclosure for a lenslet in the second lens subsystem20. In an example, the point spread function 36 may have a Full-Width atHalf Maximum (FWHM) of twice the angle between two directional pixels.FIG. 5 illustrates a graphical representation of the angular spread of apixel in terms of the azimuthal angle 48 and the polar angle 46 versusintensity 50 of a light ray as function of the second lens subsystem 20.

First, the light is emitted from the projector 12, characterized by aspecified throw ratio, where each pixel of the projector image increasesin size proportional to the adjacent pixel, resulting in no overlap inthe pixels. The projector 12 is placed such that the distance betweenthe projector and the first lens subsystem 16 collimating lens arraycreates a projected image equal in size to the number of lenslets theprojector 12 is illuminating.

Subsequently, at the first lens subsystem 16, the output of theprojector is collimated to preserve the projected size of the image. Thecollimated beam is then incident on the second lens subsystem 20, wherethe width of the beam is approximately equal on both lens subsystems 16,20.

Finally, the pixels with the point spread function 36 from the secondlens subsystem 20 are then incident on the back surface of the microlensarray, which constitutes the display lens in the second lens system 18.The distance between the display and the second lens subsystem 20 willallow for fine tuning of the output width of the pixels per image.

FIG. 6A illustrates a display lens system in the second lens system 18.The second lens subsystem 20 may consist of a metasurface as shown inFIG. 6B or a metamaterial-based lens as shown in FIG. 6C.

In some examples, as shown in FIGS. 7A and 7E, the second lens systemincludes a horizontal lenticular portion 38 and a vertical lenticularportion 40. FIG. 7C also illustrates the profile view 42 of thehorizontal lenticular portion 38. FIG. 7G also illustrates the profileview 44 of the vertical lenticular portion 40. The horizontal andvertical potions may be stacked such that the light leaving the secondlens subsystem 20 passes serially through each portion.

FIG. 8 illustrates the ray path from a single projector 12 in a directprojection light field display. A sample ray path of a single pixel 62travelling from a single projector 24 to a first lens subsystem 16. Acollimated light beam leaves the first lens subsystem 16 to a secondlens subsystem 20, the second lens subsystem 20 can be an engineereddiffuser array. A point spread function is applied to the ray from asingle pixel 62 as it passes through the second lens subsystem 20creating a diffused collimated light beam 34. The diffused collimatedlight beam passes through a display lens in the second lens system 18,resulting in a light field 64.

As used herein, one or more parameters of the light field displaycomprise one or more of: hogel pitch, a pixel pitch, and focal length.The term pixel references a set of red, green, and blue subpixels. Thepixel pitch is defined as the distance from the center of one pixel tothe center of the next. As used herein, a pixel array refers to an arrayof pixels inside a hogel. A hogel is an alternative term for aholographic pixel, which is a cluster of traditional pixels withdirectional control. An array of hogels can generate a light field. Itthen follows that the hogel pitch is defined as the distance from thecenter of one hogel to the center of an adjacent hogel. The angularfield of view for a lens is defined by its focal length. Generally, ashorter focal length results in a wider field of view. It should benoted that the focal length is measured from the rear principal plane ofa lens. The rear principal plane of lens is rarely located at themechanical back of an imaging lens. Due to this, approximations and themechanical design of a system are generally calculated using computersimulation.

A number of embodiments have been described. Nevertheless, it will beunderstood that various modifications may be made without departing fromthe spirit and scope of the invention. For example, some of the stepsdescribed above may be order independent, and thus can be performed inan order different from that described.

Other implementations are also within the scope of the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A light field display comprising: a projectorarray comprising a plurality of light field projectors, wherein eachprojector is configured to generate light rays; a plurality of lenssystems configured to cause the light rays generated by the projectorarray to create a light field, wherein the plurality of lens systemsincludes: a first lens system comprising: a first lens subsystemcomprising an array of lenslets, the first lens subsystem beingpositioned to receive the light rays from the projector array; and asecond lens subsystem positioned to receive light from the first lenssubsystem, the second lens subsystem comprising a diffusing arraypositioned to receive a collimated beam from one of more of the lensletsin the first lens subsystem, and a second lens system comprisingmicroarray lenslets, the second lens system being positioned to receivea diffused, collimated beam from the second lens subsystem, whereinlight output from the microarray lenslets forms the light field.
 2. Thelight field display of claim 1 wherein each lenslet of the first lenssubsystem is positioned to receive light from a corresponding one of theprojectors in the projector array.
 3. The light field display of claim 1wherein the first lens subsystem comprises an array of collimatinglenslets.
 4. The light field display of claim 1 wherein the diffused,collimated beam received by the second lens system is diffused accordingto a point spread function.
 5. The light field display of claim 4,wherein the point spread function is described by a Gaussian functionwith a Full-Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) characterized by one or moreparameters of the light field display.
 6. The light field display ofclaim 5, wherein the one or more parameters of the light field displaycomprise one or more of: a hogel pitch; a pixel pitch; and a focallength of the second lens system.
 7. The light field display of claim 1wherein the projector array comprises an adjustment element foradjustment of a direction of each projector.
 8. The light field displayof claim 1 further comprising a housing, wherein the projector array andplurality of lens systems are arranged in the housing.
 9. A method forcreating a light field, comprising: generating light rays by each ofmultiple projectors of a projector array; and rendering the light raysgenerated by the projector array into a light field image, comprising:by a first array of lenslets, collimating the light rays generated bythe projector array to form a collimated beam; and receiving thecollimating beam from the first array of lenslets to a diffusing arraycomprising at least one array of microarray lenslets, rendering adiffused, collimated beam into a light field.
 10. The method of claim 9,wherein diffused light emitted from the diffusing array is characterizedby a point spread function.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein thepoint spread function is described by a Gaussian function with aFull-Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) characterized by one or moreparameters of a light field display.
 12. The method of claim 9, furthercomprising adjusting a direction of one or more of the multipleprojectors of the projector array.